$B!&(J
$B1:Ln!!8&(J$B!&(J
$BOBED=g0l(J
SAKAI Hideki, URANO Ken, & WADA Jun-ichi
I. $B$O$8$a$K(J
$BBh#18@8l$dBh#28@8l3X=,D(J (interaction) $B$rDL$7$F!"L\I88@8l$r3MF@$9$k!#(J
$BBh#18@8l3MF@$N8&5fD$r=EMW;k$7$F$$$k!#%$%J%$!&%$%J%$!&%P!<$H$$$&M7$S$rJ,@O$7$?(JBruner$B$O!"Jl?F$H;R$I$b$N$d$jpJs=hM}G=NO$7$+$b$C$F$$$J$$$+$i!"$b$C$+?J9T$7$F$$$k$3$H$rM}2r$9$k$?$a$K$O!"%k!<%F%#%s2=$7$?$J$8$_?<$$F;6q$@$F!"$$$o$P%U%)!<%^%C%H$,!"=i4|$NH/OC$NAj8_:nMQ$K$*$1$k$3$N!XD4@0!Y$K$H$C$FI,MW$J$N$@!W(J(p. 33)$B$H9M;!$7$F$$$k!#$9$J$o$A!"%k!<%F%#%s2=$7$?3hF0$,8@8l$N3MF@$NB->l(J (scaffolding) $B$H$J$k$N$G$"$k!#(J
$BBh#28@8l3MF@$N8&5f$G$O!"%$%s%W%C%H$N8@8lE*FCD'$N8&5f$,B?$/$J$5$l$F$-$?(J (for example, see Gass & Madden, 1985, Chaudron, 1988)$B!#$3$l$O!"Bh#28@8l3X=,D$N>l$,8@8l$N3MF@$H4X$o$C$F$$$k$N$J$i$P!"8@8lE*$JFCD'$@$1$G$O$J$/Aj8_8r>D$N>l$G$"$k3hF0$NFCD'$K$bJQ2=$,$"$k$H2>Dj$G$-$k!#(J
$BK\9F$G$O!"$"$k#1$D$N3hF0$re$2!"$=$N3hF0$NFCD'$,$I$N$h$&$KJQ2=$9$k$N$+$rJ,@O$9$k!#8@8lE*$JFCD'$K$H$I$^$i$:!"$h$j9-$$;kE@$G3hF0$NJQ2=$r9M;!$9$k!#$5$i$K!"650iE*$J<(:6$K$D$$$F$b?($l$?$$!#(J
II. $B8&5fJ}K!(J
A. $BMDCU1`%$%^!<%8%g%s!&%W%m%0%i%`$N35MW(J
$BMDCU1`%$%^!<%8%g%s!&%W%m%0%i%`$N4Q;!%G!<%?$r4p$KJ,@O$r9T$J$C$?!#%+%J%@=P?H$N1Q8lJl8lOC$NF|K\8l%/%i%9$HN`;w$7$?3hF0$G$"$k!#(J
$B1`;y$OM%$l$?M}2rNO$r<($7$F$$$k!#$^$?!"%W%m%0%i%`3+;OD>8e$+$iH/OC$7;O$a!"(J2$B8l0J>e$rAH$_9g$o$;$?H/OC$O(J10$B7n$r2a$.$k:"$+$iIQHK$K8+$i$l$k!#1`;y$NBh(J2$B8@8l;HMQG=NO$NH/C#$K$D$$$F$O!".Lx(J (1994) $B$d(J Watanabe, Sakai, & Urano (1996)$B$r8+$i$l$?$$!#(J
B. $BJ,@OJ}K!(J
$B#67n!an!n$NoE*$J3hF0$G$"$k!#$3$N!V%+%l%s%@!<3hF0!W$O!"KhF|Aa$$;~4VBS$K9T$J$o$l!";~4|$rDI$C$FHf3S$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#$=$NB>$N3hF0$O!";~4|E*$JBj:`$d9T;v$K4p$E$$$F$*$j!"0[$J$k;~4|$G$OHf3S$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$!#$7$?$,$C$F!"$3$N3hF0$O!"K\9F$NL\E*$KE,$7$F$$$k$H$$$($k!#Bh#2$K!"!V%+%l%s%@!<3hF0!W$OMDCU1`$K8B$i$J$$3hF0$G$"$k!#Cf3X9;$N1Q8l$N
$BJ,@O$N4QE@$O!"D$N>l$NJQ2=$rJ,@O$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(J(B) $B65;U$NH/OC$O!"%$%s%W%C%H$NFCD'$NJ,@O$G$"$k!#(J(C) $B1`;y$NH/OC$O!"3X=,H$5$l$?$$!#(J
III. $B7k2L(J
A. $B3hF0$NJ#;($5(J
$BI=#1$O!"3hF0$N;~4V$H!"3hF0$NCf$G9T$o$l$?2]Bj$N?t$r<($7$F$$$k!#2]Bj$K$D$$$F@bL@$r2C$($k$H!"$3$3$G$O!V%+%l%s%@!<3hF0!W$r9=@.$9$k>.>lLL$N$3$H$r2]Bj$H8F$V!#Nc$($P!"#67n$N!V%+%l%s%@!<3hF0!W$O!"(J(1) $BMKF|!"(J(2) $BF|IU!"(J(3) $BE75$$=$N#1!"(J(4) $BE75$$=$N#2!"$N#4$D$N2]Bj$+$i@.$C$F$$$k!#E75$$=$N#1$G$OE75$%+!<%I$r;}$A(J "What's this weather?" $B$H
$BI=#1(J. $B3hF0$N;~4V$H2]Bj?t(J
|
$B;~4|(J |
1995/6/8 |
1995/9/27 |
1996/2/26 |
|
$B;~4V(J |
2'50 |
5'56 |
5'50 |
|
$B3hF0?t(J |
3 |
7 |
8 |
[--10--]
$B#67n!an!n$N3hF0;~4V$NHf$OLs#1!'#2!'#2!J#2J,(J50$BIC!'#5J,(J56$BIC!'#5J,(J50$BIC!K$G$"$C$?!##97n$K!"Ls#3J,$+$iLs#6J,$X$H!"#2G\$KA}2C$7$F$$$k!#$^$?!";~4V$NA}2C$K1~$8$F!"2]Bj?t$bF1MM$KA}2C$7$F$$$k(J ($B>\:Y$O!";qNA#1$r;2>H$5$l$?$$(J)$B!#$D$^$j!"!V%+%l%s%@!<3hF0!W$,;~4|$K1~$8$FJQ2=$7$F$$$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!#(J
B. $B65;U$NH/OC(J
$BI=#2$O!"65;U$NH/OC?t$r<($7$F$$$k!##97n0J9_!"H/OC?t$,A}2C$7$F$$$k$N$O!";~4V$,D9$/$J$C$?$+$i$G$"$k!##1J,$"$?$j$NH/OC?t$rHf3S$9$k$H!"65;U$NH/OCNL$K$"$^$jJQ2=$,$J$$!#(J
$BI=#2(J. $BH/OC?t(J
|
$B;~4|(J |
1995/6/8 |
1995/9/27 |
1996/2/26 |
|
$B65;U$NH/OC?t(J |
89 |
185 |
166 |
|
$B#1J,$"$?$j$NH/OC?t(J |
31.4 |
31.2 |
28.5 |
$B$7$+$7!"
$BI=#3(J. $BH/OC$N9=B$(J
|
$B;~4|(J |
1995/6/8 |
1995/9/27 |
1996/2/26 |
|
$B8l6g9=B$(J |
38 (55.1%) |
57 (41.6%) |
33 (33.7%) |
|
$B@a9=B$(J |
31 (44.9%) |
80 (58.4%) |
65 (66.3%) |
$B$5$i$K!"8@$$49$(!&7+$jJV$7$rD4$Y$F$_$k$H(J($BI=#4(J)$B!"F1$8FbMF$r7+$jJV$7$?$j8@$$49$($?$j$9$kH/OC$,#27n$K7c8:$7$F$$$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!#$9$J$o$A!"65;U$O?7$7$$>pJs$rOC$9$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(J
$BI=#4(J. $B8@$$49$(!&7+$jJV$7(J
|
$B;~4|(J |
1995/6/8 |
1995/9/27 |
1996/2/26 |
|
$B8@$$49$(!&7+$jJV$7(J |
21 |
41 |
22 |
|
$B#1J,$"$?$j$N?t(J |
7.4 |
6.9 |
3.8 |
$B0J>e!"65;U$NH/OC$NJ,@O$+$i!"H/OC?t$KJQ2=$O8+$i$l$J$$$,!">\:Y$KJ,@O$7$F$_$k$H!"H/OC$N9=B$$,6g9=B$$+$i@a9=B$$X$H$h$jD9$/Fq$7$/JQ2=$7$F$*$j!"8@$$49$($d7+$jJV$7$,8:>/$7?7$7$$>pJs(J [--11--] $B$dI=8=$rOC$7$F$$$k$3$H$,L@$i$+$K$J$C$?!#$D$^$j!"65;U$NH/OC$NE@$+$i$b!";~4|$rDI$C$F!"J#;($K$J$C$F$$$k$3$H$,8@$($k!#(J
C. $B1`;y$NH/OC(J
$BI=#5$O!"1`;y$NH/OC?t$rI=$7$F$$$k!#1`;y$NH/OC?t$O;~4|$rDI$&$4$H$KA}2C$7$F$$$k!#$5$i$K!"#28l0J>e$NH/OC?t$r8+$k$H!"1`;y$O#97n$K(J2$B8l0J>e$NH/OC$r9T$J$&$h$&$K$J$k$,!"#27n$K$J$k$HD9$$H/OC$rB?$/$9$k$h$&$K$J$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!J(J94$BCf(J5$B!'(J95$BCf(J19$B!K!#3hF0$NJ,@O$G#97n$H#27n$G;~4V$K0c$$$,8+$i$l$J$$$3$H$r9MN8$9$k$H!"1`;y$O@Q6KE*$K3hF0$K;22C$9$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k$3$H$r<($7$F$$$k!#(J
$BI=#5(J. $B1`;y$NH/OC(J
|
$B;~4|(J |
1995/6/8 |
1995/9/27 |
1996/2/26 |
|
$B1`;y$NH/OC?t(J |
34 |
94 |
95 |
|
$B#1J,$"$?$j$NH/OC?t(J |
12 |
15.8 |
16.3 |
|
$B#28l0J>e$NH/OC?t(J |
1 |
5 |
19 |
IV. $B9M;!!&7kO@(J
$B#1$D$N3hF0(J ($B!V%+%l%s%@!<3hF0!W(J) $B$r;~4|$rDI$C$FJ,@O$7$F$-$?!#7kO@$H$7$F!"F1$83hF0$O7h$7$FF1$8H/OC!&9TF0$N7+$jJV$7$G$O$J$$$3$H$,<($5$l$?!#1`;y$N8@8lG=NO$NH/C#$K1~$8$F!"3hF0$O$h$j:YJ,2=$7J#;($K$J$C$?!#$^$?!";~4V$bD9$/$J$C$?!#65;U$NH/OC$O!"@h9T8&5f(J (Kleifgen, 1985, Ellis, 1985, Tardif, 1994, Watanabe, Sakai, & Urano, 1995) $B$GJs9p$5$l$?$h$&$K!"Fq$7$/$J$C$F$$$C$?!#1`;y$NH/OC$O!"e$K!"?7$7$$MWAG$r>/$7$:$D2C$($F$$$/2aDx$,8+$i$l$k$N$G$"$k!#3hF0$N>lLL$,!"(JBruner$B$N8@MU$r
V. $BE8K>(J
$BD94|$KEO$C$FF1$83hF0$r7+$jJV$7$F9T$J$&$3$H$N0U5A$r$b$&0lEYLd$$D>$9I,MW$,$"$k!#1Q8l$N/$J$/$J$C$F$O$$$J$$$@$m$&$+!#3X=,/$7$:$DJQ2=$5$;$F9T$J$&$3$H$,=EMW$G$"$m$&!#F1$83hF0$G$"$C$F$b3X=,l$H$7$F0LCV$E$1$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$H;XE&$7$F$$$k!#$3$N$h$&$K!"3hF0$r7QB3E*$K9T$J$&$3$H$OMM!9$J1Q8l650i$N>lLL$G
$BK\9F$G$O!"#1$D$N3hF0$r!"(J(A) $BJ#;($5!"(J(B) $B65;U$NH/OC!"(J(C) $B1`;y$NH/OC$NE@$+$i!"$=$NJQ2=$rJ,@O$7$F$-$?!#$=$7$F!"3X=,
$B!JD9Ln8)4];RKLCf3X9;!&%O%o%$Bg3XBg3X1!!&?.=#Bg3XBg3X1!!K(J
($BCm(J) $BK\9F$O!"(J1996$BG/(J3$B7n(J20$BF|!"(JJATEC$BAON)(J15$B<~G/5-G0CfItCO6h8&5fBg2q$G!"!VD9LnMDCU1`$K$*$1$k1Q8l%$%^!<%8%g%s(JĄ$B%W%m%0%i%`!'%S%G%*$K$h$k
$B0zMQJ88%(J
Bruner, J.S. 1983. Child's Talk: Learning to Use Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [$B;{ED98!&K\6?0lIW(J ($BLu(J) 1988. $B!XF}MD;y$NOC$7$3$H$P!'%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s$N3X=,!YEl5~(J: $B?7MK
Chaudron, C. 1988. Second Language Classrooms: Research on Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: CUP.
Ellis, R. 1985. "Teacher-pupil interaction in second language development" in Gass, S.M. & C. Madden (eds.), Input in Second Language Acquisition. pp. 69-85.
Ellis, R. 1990. Instructed Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Gass, S.M. & Madden, C. (eds.) 1985. Input in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Newbury.
Krashen, S.D. 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. New York: Longman.
Kleifgen, J.A. 1985. "Skilled variation in a kindergarten teacher's use of foreigner talk" in Gass S.M. & C. Madden (eds.), Input in Second Language Acquisition. pp. 59-68. Newbury.
$B.Lx><4n(J. 1994. $B!VMDCU1`;y$NBhFs8@8l=,F@!'<+H/E*$J8@8l;HMQG=NO$N3MF@$H%$%s%W%C%HNL$H$N4X78$K4X$9$k8&5f!W!XCfItCO6h1Q8l650i3X2q5*MW!YBh(J24$B9f(J, pp. 193-198.
Tardif, C. 1994. "Classroom teacher talk in early immersion program." Canadian Modern Language Review, 50(3), pp. 466-481.
Watanabe, T., Sakai, H., & Urano, K. 1995. "Teacher talk in kindergarten immersion program: Teacher's speech modification over time." $B!XCfItCO6h1Q8l650i3X2q5*MW!YBh(J25$B9f(J, pp. 151-156.
Watanabe, T., Sakai, H., & Urano, K. 1996. "Teacher talk in kindergarten immersion program: Input and the development of spontaneous production ability." ARELE, 7, pp. 101-110.
$BEOJU;~IW!&Ln_7=EE5!&
[--13--]
$B;qNA#1(J. $B
95/6/8 T: Teacher C: Class (Chorus) S: Student
|
$BHV9f(J |
$B2]Bj(J |
$BFbMF(J |
|
1. |
$BMKF|(J |
$B#T!'9uHD$K$"$k%+!<%I$r;X$7<($9!#(J
$B#C!'MKF|$rFI$`!#(J |
|
2. |
$BF|IU(J |
$B#T!'%+%l%s%@!<$N%+!<%I$r;}$A!"
$B!!!!!!(J"What day is this?"
$B#C!'!!(J"Today is Thursday, June 8." |
|
3. |
$BE75$(J(1) |
$B#T!'E75$$N%+!<%I(J($B3((J)$B$r;}$A!"
$B!!!!!!(J"What's the weather?"
$B!!!!!!(J"Is it sunny?" |
|
4. |
$BE75$(J(2) |
$B#T!'1`;y$K%+!<%I$rEO$9!#(J
$B#S!'!!(J"Today's weather is cloudy."
$B!!!!!!%+!<%I$rE75$%+%l%s%@!<$KE=$k!#(J |
95/9/27
|
1. |
$BMKF|(J(1) |
$B#T!'%+%l%s%@!<$r;X$7<($7!"
$B!!!!!!(J"What day is it today?"
$B#C!'!!(J"Wednesday, September 27" |
|
2. |
$BMKF|(J(2) |
$B#T!'1`;y$K
$B!!!!!!(J"What day is it today?"
$B#S!'!!(J"Today is Wednesday, September 27" |
|
3. |
$B?t(J |
$B#T!'1`;y$KK@$rEO$9!#(J
$B#S!'K@$G%+%l%s%@!<$r;X$9!#(J
$B#C!'#1!<#2#7!##2#7!<#1!#(J |
|
4. |
$BMKF|(J(3) |
$B#T!'
$B!!!!!!(J"What day is it today?" "What was yesterday?"
$B!!!!!!(J"Tomorrow will be?"
$B#C!'!!(J"Wednesday"$B!!(J"Tuesday"$B!!(J"Thursday" |
|
5. |
$BMKF|(J(4) |
$B#T!'9uHD$K%+!<%I(J($BJ8;z(J)$B$rE=$C$F$*$/!#1`;y$KA*$P$;$k!#(J
$B!!!!!!(J"Can you find Wednesday?" "What's yesterday?"
$B!!!!!!(J"What's tomorrow?"
$B#S!'%+!<%I$rA*$V!#MKF|$NMQ;f$KE=$k!#(J
$B!!!!!!(J"Today is ."
$B!!!!!!(J"Yesterday is ."
$B!!!!!!(J"Tomorrow will be $B!!!!!!!!(J ." |
|
6. |
$BE75$(J(1) |
$B#T!'
$B!!!!!!(J"What's the weather today?" "Is it sunny?"
$B#C!'(J "Sunny." |
|
7. |
$BE75$(J(2) |
$B#T!'1`;y$K%+!<%I$rEO$9!#(J
$B#S!'!!(J"Today's weather is sunny."
$B#S!'%+!<%I$rE75$%+%l%s%@!<$KE=$k!#(J |
[--14--]
96/2/26
|
1. |
$BMKF|(J(1) |
$B#T!'%+%l%s%@!<$r;X$7<($9!#(J
$B!!!!!!(J"Can you tell me what day it is today?"
$B#C!'!!(J"Monday, February 26." |
|
2. |
$BMKF|(J(2) |
$B#T!'%+!<%I$r8+$;$J$,$i!"
$B!!!!!!(J"What day is it today?"
$B#T!'1`;y$K%+!<%I$rEO$9!#%+%l%s%@!<$r;X$7<($9!#(J
$B#S!'!!(J"Today is Monday, February 26."
$B#T!'%/%i%9!&1`;y$K
$B!!!!!!(J"What was yesterday?"
$B!!!!!!(J"What's tomorrow?"
$B#C!'!!(J"Sunday, February 25."
$B!!!!!!(J"Tuesday, February 27." |
|
3. |
$BMKF|(J(3) |
$B#T!'%+%l%s%@!<$r;X$7<($7$J$,$i!"
$B!!!!!!(J"What's this one?"
$B#C!'!!(J"Tuesday." "Saturday." |
|
4. |
$B?t(J |
$B#T!'%+!<%I$r;}$A!"
$B!!!!!!(J"What's this number?"
$B#S!'!!(J"26." "4." |
|
5. |
$BE75$(J(1) |
$B#T!'
$B!!!!!!(J"What's the weather today?"
$B!!!!!!(J"Is it cloudy?"
$B#C!'!!(J"Cloudy." |
|
6. |
$BE75$(J(2) |
$B#T!'
$B!!!!!!(J"Where's cloudy?"
$B#S!'%+!<%I$rA*$V!#(J
$B#S!'!!(J"Today's weather is cloudy." |
|
7. |
$BE75$(J(3) |
$B#T!'%+!<%I$r;}$A!"
$B!!!!!!(J"How do you spell cloudy?"
$B#C!'(J "C, L, O, U, D, Y."
$B#S!'%+!<%I$rE75$%+%l%s%@!<$KE=$k!#(J |
|
8. |
$BE75$(J(4) |
$B#T!'H"$r;}$D!#
$B!!!!!!(J"Can you find cloudy here?"
$B#S!'H"$+$i%+!<%I$rA*$V!#(J
$B#S!'(J "Today's weather is cloudy."
$B#S!'E75$%+%l%s%@!<$KE=$k!#(J |
[--15--]
$BL\